Nondisclosure Agreements (“NDA”) are everywhere: a Silicon Valley Don Juan had an NDA ready for every date. However, NDAs are not created equal — what is good for the discloser is not good for the recipient. The “Silicon Handshake” can become a hangman’s noose for the unwary.

Questions to Ask.

Any potential signer to an NDA needs to answer several questions before signing. Those questions are:

1. Whose secrets are being protected? Is the NDA mutual — does it cover the secrets of both parties? If you are presenting an NDA to protect your trade secrets, you may not want to bind yourself to protecting the other side’s secrets. Alternatively, if someone presents you with an NDA, you may want to make sure your own secrets are protected.
2. What secrets are being protected? Is everything discussed to be considered confidential? This can be a trap for the unwary. If someone mentions something in passing, you could be foreclosing future opportunities for your company. Do documents have to be marked as confidential to receive protection under the NDA, or does it cover everything that the recipient remembers? How will the recipient know what is protected and what is not? Obviously, no NDA can specifically spell out in advance all the details of what is being disclosed. But an NDA that is too broad could restrict the recipient’s future operations. What is good for the discloser is not always good for the recipient.
3. Who is covered by the NDA? Does the NDA allow for independent derivation? If your R&D office is, without your knowledge, working on a similar project, has your signature cut off future development of that project? Is there an option for independent development? Have you bound one of your independent partners? Is the protection limited only to those actually signing the NDA?
4. How long does the NDA last? Is the NDA to last into perpetuity? Does it carry over into new companies or ventures that a party may enter into? Is there any way of removing oneself from its provisions, such as returning all documents?
5. What are the exceptions? Are documents otherwise publicly available covered? Is the recipient released from the duty to protect the documents if they later become publicly available? If the recipient receives the information independently, does the duty to protect end?
6. Whose law governs? Jurisdiction and choice of law questions are not excess verbiage designed to keep lawyers employed. They have important consequences, particularly because states often have very different protections. California tends to protect employees’ rights to pursue a livelihood more than other states. If a choice is available, an attorney should review the NDA to see what is best for you.

Advantages v. Disadvantages.

Never is the old saw “where you stand depends on where you sit” more true than when considering an NDA. The discloser’s motives are radically different from the recipient’s: thus, the discloser’s NDA should be different than the one you would be willing to sign as a recipient. An NDA covering mutual disclosures should not resemble that of a one-way disclosure. Good preparation should include having three different NDAs — one for when you disclose documents, one for when you receive documents, and one for mutual disclosure. The mantra to remember is: how does this NDA help me maximize my gains, and minimize my risks?

Strategic Considerations.

NDAs are more than just the latest fashion in attorney make-work, but an integral part of business operations. If someone could use your information to triumph over you, you need an NDA. Alternatively, if you, as the discloser, would not sue someone for using the information being disclosed, an NDA is not necessary. Indeed, by revealing distrust of the other party, it could inhibit the relationship.

A Shield Can Be a Sword. Commonly a shield, NDAs can also be a weapon. An unwary recipient can prevent itself from developing a new line of business that the discloser reveals — and it can even handcuff those in alliances with the recipient. Sometimes two-layered NDAs are appropriate. The first layer is to someone who acts as a gatekeeper, to decide if the information threatens the recipient or its alliances; the second is for a broader, operational distribution.

Keeping Track of NDAs.

Who keeps track of the NDAs your business signs? Does anyone? If your VP of marketing left tomorrow, who at your company would know what NDAs exist that she may have signed, binding the company? Is there anyone at your company who knows enough to gauge whether the NDA your R&D guy is about to sign conflicts with any other project you have? “Gee, I didn’t know . . . “ is usually the prelude to a disaster. With the prevalence of NDAs today, your company needs a firm-wide policy. One person or group should be the gatekeeper of every NDA your company signs. Do not allow your partner — or potential adversary — to dictate the progress of the relationship. Impatience in allowing your general counsel to review the NDA before signing can be a warning signal that you may have more to lose than to gain.

No one wants to repeat the well-known mistake one software company made when it refused to sign an NDA with IBM: IBM instead did business with a young company called Microsoft. However, the more common problem is finding the “silicon handshake” transformed into a noose around your neck.

Roscoe’s Chicken and Waffles used to have a restaurant near the Bay Oak Law offices in Oakland; an assistant used to visit nearly every weekend with her fiancé. Unfortunately, the Oakland branch closed a few years ago, and Roscoe’s is currently only in Southern California.

Unfortunately, Roscoe’s was in the legal news today because it lost a copyright infringement suit. The case itself is fairly standard: after years of ignoring requests to license music to be played, Roscoe’s Long Beach restaurant was caught playing eight songs for which it did not have a license – the house band played several John Coltrane selections and the CD player played several songs by the jazz fusion group Hiroshima. The “good” news is that the court awarded “only” $4,500 per song ($36,000 total) – it could have been far more. Some copyright infringement suits have up to $30,000 in damages per work. The “bad” news is that the plaintiffs were awarded $162,000 in attorneys’ fees, because the works infringed had their copyrights registered within 90 days of being published. This is one of the most important advantages to registering copyrights when they are published – the attorneys’ fee issue can (and often does) dominate the size of the case.

Which is worse – being hit by a “Trane” or having someone go all “Hiroshima” on you? It looks like Roscoe’s got a little bit of both.

Just as your body needs annual wellness checkups, your business does, too. Much of the simple matters can be done by your office, without an lawyer – but if issues turn up, it may be time to check with counsel.

Corporate Status

❏ Corporate Status. Is your business in good standing with the state? In California, corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs) and limited liability partnerships (LLPs) should check here to verify that the business is in good standing. Make sure you choose the proper entity.
Why you should care: a corporation, LLC, or LLP not in good standing in the State of California cannot bring suit or defend itself in court, according to Cal. Corp. Code § 2205 and Cal. Rev. & Tax. Code § 23301. If your business is not in good standing, even if you never get sued or sue anyone, interest and penalties are mounting up. If the business is suspended, the time to fix it is now.
❏ Statements of Information must be filed by most corporations annually, according to California Corporations Code § 1502. Previously, the state sent the form; now, it only sends a postcard.
Why you should care: The lack of a form mailed to the business can lead some businesses to forget to make the annual statement – a costly mistake, as filing it late results in a $250 penalty – ten times the cost of the form. The good news is that the form is now online, and even simpler to fill out than before; the filing fee can be paid by credit card. Put an annual reminder in your calendar system for the beginning of the month before the business incorporated – if the corporation incorporated in June, select May 1st.

Employees

❏ Wage Protection Act. When you hire new employees that are subject to the overtime rules, California now requires that employers give the new employees forms. Read here for more important information.
Why you should care: Eventually, there will be penalties associated with the failure to provide these documents to employees.
❏ Independent Contractors. Are the independent contractors the firm uses actually independent contractors, or are they employees?
Why you should care: there are new penalties for intentionally misclassifying independent contractors. Even without such penalties, paying back taxes for someone you thought was an independent contractor can devastate the business.

Employee Handbook

❏ Check your employee handbook. Does it cover important issues like:

❏ At-will employment?
❏ Getting an acknowledgment from the employee that your business handles confidential information for both itself and its customers, and the employee needs to protect that information both during and after employment with the company?
❏ Specifying that the information created by the employee belongs to the employer as part of a work-for-hire agreement, and the employee is not entitled to use that information after the employment ends?
❏ An ethics policy about dealing with customers and suppliers, that does not create conflicts of interest for your business or the employee?
❏ A policy on inspecting offices, lockers and common areas of the business for contraband?
❏ Payday and timekeeping requirements?
❏ Leave procedures, including sick leave, pregnancy leave, leaving to care for a family member, and military reserve leave?
❏ Allowable time off, such as jury duty, visiting children’s schools, and the like?
❏ Job evaluation procedures?
❏ An illness and injury prevention program?
❏ Appearance policies, including casual Fridays (if offered)?
❏ Harassment investigation procedures?
❏ Internet, email and telephone use procedures – including personal usage and ownership of email accounts, web pages, Twitter, Facebook, and other social media accounts [ http://www.bayoaklaw.com/who-gives-a-tweet-about-who-owns-a-tweet/ ]?
❏ Job termination procedures?

Why you should care: a good employee handbook protects the business by specifying procedures in advance. It reduces uncertainty and the potential for trouble down the line.

Insurance

❏ Make sure your insurance is up-to-date, including:

❏ Worker’s Compensation Insurance (required for all employees);
❏ Disability Insurance for officers not covered by worker’s compensation, and which can be broader in coverage than worker’s compensation;
❏ Health Insurance, with the great changes to the health care system occurring during the next few years, it may be a good time to shop around for a better policy;
❏ Life Insurance for Owners, so that should an owner die, his or her estate can be paid the value of the ownership interest without destroying the company’s future;
❏ General Business Liability Insurance – make sure that all locations are covered, as well as all assets in question. Is there enough coverage? Is there too much coverage? When a firm reduces size, sometimes it forgets to inform the insurer, and they end up paying for what the firm doesn’t need.
Why you should care: While many people pay lip service to insurance issues, there is an aspect of “out of sight, out of mind” to worrying about the issues insurance is designed to cover. Few can afford to over-insure these days, but under-insuring can be disastrous.

Contracts

❏ Sales Contracts. Make sure the following is in your customer contracts:

❏ Attorneys’ Fees: It is far more likely that a customer will breach their contract with you, than you fail to do the work – and if you fail to do jobs for clients, you are not going to be in business for very long, anyway. Thus, every contract or invoice that you provide your customers should have an attorneys’ fees clause, so that if the contract has to be enforced, the prevailing party will receive reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.
❏ Jurisdiction. The contract is to be interpreted according to the law of your jurisdiction. You know, for better or for worse, your jurisdiction’s laws – you don’t always know the other jurisdiction’s laws.
❏ Integrated. The contract is “integrated” – meaning that the written contract is the complete contract. This prevents alleged oral modifications like “she said that we don’t have to pay until . . . “ from easily being incorporated into the contract (good attorneys might know how to get them in).

Assets

❏ Inventory. Has the business inventoried its physical assets? This is especially important for assets that can easily “walk away” like cell phones and laptops. All such assets should be marked with the name of your business and a landline telephone number. Programs are available to track mobile devices by GPS or other means. An inventory should be kept for insurance and tax purposes. Track, at the least, the model of the inventory, purchase date and purchase value.

Why you should care: Cell phones and laptops have confidential business information, and those who lose them are often afraid to mention it. Marking these devices improves the chance they are returned. Keeping an inventory in a safe place can be good for insurance purposes.

❏ Marking Physical Assets. All substantial physical assets – especially those that can easily walk away –should be marked with a non-removable tag with the business name and phone number. Two places among many to buy such tags is here or here. (Bay Oak Law doesn’t endorse or vouch for these companies; their presence is illustrative).

❏ Marking Intangible Assets. It is easy to understand the importance of marking physical assets like computers, but it is also vital to mark as “Confidential” intangible assets like company information. Every balance sheet, every accounts receivable list, every customer list – every document that, if it falls into the hands of your competitors, could hurt or destroy your business, should be marked as “Confidential.” It is easy to add titles and footers to the firm’s regular forms that are regularly used, so that they get copied into future documents. Send a company-wide email quarterly, reminding everyone of the importance of keeping such information secret.

❏ Software. Does the business have licenses to use all of the software on all the computers in the office? Do you have the registration numbers for all the licenses in a safe place, so that should your office burn down, you do not have to buy more software?

Why you should care: If licenses are missing, it is cheaper to handle this now than after a software developer contacts you and demands thousands of dollars.

❏ Trademarks. On a rainy day when people are sitting around, go through your promotional materials, brochures, website, business cards and the like. Have you registered trademarks for your business name, all your logos, slogans and the like? A typical trademark registration costs less than $2500 – should anything have a trademark registration? Even if you decide not to, run a search on an internet search engine using any word mark that you are using – make sure that your firm is not infringing someone else’s mark – and make sure someone isn’t infringing yours. For each trademark, use the proper marking: “®” for registered marks, and “™” for unregistered marks. Tivo has a good webpage on how to use trademarks properly (hint: you can never “tivo” “Desperate Housewives” – or anything else.)

❏ Copyright. If you produce copyrighted works like books, films, video games or the like, you need to register your copyright. It is easy to do, and takes only a few minutes. Even if you do not, every brochure, white paper, or website you have should have “© 2012, [Name of Company]” on it. While the owner of a copyrighted work has rights as soon as it is published, it doesn’t hurt to remind people of that. Also, make sure that you always have the right to use the works of others on your works, like photographs.

By: Andrew K Jacobson

One of the things that good lawyers do is plan for future possibilities – even when the client, a psychic and astrologer, can (supposedly) see the future. My mentor, Dan Minutillo, repeatedly drilled into me the need to “double-think” – to ask the “what if” questions, even if the client assures us that everything will be hunky-dory forever.

Walter Mercado “was” a psychic and astrologer in Puerto Rico. (Don’t worry; Mercado is still around; see the last paragraph for why the past tense is used.)

On August 4, 1995, Mercado and Bart [Enterprises] signed the Agreement, under which Bart would develop and distribute materials and products related to Mercado’s psychic and astrological services. As part of the Agreement, Mercado granted Bart several rights “during the Term and throughout the Territory” of the Agreement. The Agreement defines “Territory” as the universe. . . . . It defines “Term” to mean “in perpetuity,” subject to a termination provision which, inter alia, allows Mercado to terminate the Agreement after fifteen days’ written notice if Bart fails to pay Mercado any agreed compensation within sixty days of the due date.

Mercado-Salinas v. Bart Enters. Int’l Ltd., (1st Cir. 12/20/2011,  free subscription required).

Mercado gave Bart an irrevocable assignment in copyrights to certain preexisting materials, and to develop new materials using Mercado’s name. Mercado also irrevocably assigned all rights to the common law trademark “Walter Mercado” to Bart – meaning someone else permanently took over – the rights to his name. For all this, Mercado received $25,000 a month in base salary, along with $5,000 a month in clothing allowance, and $2,000 a month for up to 25 three-minute segments per month.

“Finally, the Agreement provides that ‘all grants granted or assigned by this agreement shall be irrevocable under all or any circumstances, and shall not be subject to rescission, termination or injunction. In the case of breach of this agreement by Bart, Mercado’s sole remedy shall be limited to an action at law for damages.’”

Id.

Mercado even helped Bart register the “Walter Mercado” trademark by filing affidavits authorizing Bart to use and register the trademarks, both in the United States and in Mexico.

All went well for the first decade of the agreement, but beginning in 2006, Mercado stopped providing new material or appearing at scheduled appearances. In turn, Bart stopped compensating him. Despite the irrevocability of his agreement with Bart, Mercado tried to terminate the agreement, and the courthouse fight soon commenced, both in Florida, and later in Puerto Rico. Mercado was enjoined from using the “Walter Mercado” trademark, id. at 279, and could not terminate the agreement, because his own breach caused Bart to withhold payment. The 1st Circuit Court of Appeal upheld the injunction, finding that by failing to meet his own contractual obligations, Mercado was barred from asserting that Bart breached the Agreement between them: a “party’s breach effectively suspends the nonbreaching party’s duty to tender performance.”

Where Mercado’s psychic powers and his counsel failed him is in not recognizing that in the future he might not want to be obligated under the Agreement anymore, and he might want to control his own identity. While the $25,000 a month stipend (and $5,000 clothing allowance!) was no doubt tempting, surrendering control over your name as a trademark to someone else is ripe for disaster. Some more doublethinking should have been done.

The amazing Mercado managed to bounce back quickly. A mere six days after the district court enjoined him from using his name, he transformed into Shanti Ananda. Betcha saw that one coming.

Yes, they do go to jail. The law has very sharp claws.

Would you encourage your employees take a five-fingered discount from the office supply store? Probably not. Would you cheat a hard-working employee by not paying her? Of course not. However, in the press of the Great Recession, software piracy is still prevalent, and lax controls on software may be jeopardizing your company.

When buying new computers, it is easy to forget that there is more than just the cost for the hardware – you have to buy software, too. From word processors and spreadsheet programs to customized programs for your industry, it is tempting to copy programs with a single license onto multiple computers. Because after all, since you have the original media, you can do what you want, right? And who is going to check, anyway – the software sheriff?

There are two problems with this scenario, besides the fact that it is illegal. First, many programs today are subject to constant updating, and most updating is done only once per license. Your program may be missing important parts that keep it secure and let it work right. Second, there is a “software sheriff” around – the Business Software Alliance, or “BSA.” BSA’s members include some of the world’s leading software companies, like, Microsoft, Adobe, and Cisco.

Why Should You Care? The BSA is actively offering “rewards” to those who disclose illegal use of software. All a competitor or disgruntled ex-employee needs to do to mess with your business and cost you thousands of dollars and many hours of time is to contact the BSA and claim that your company is using unlicensed software. BSA is getting companies to pay $100,000 or more for their unlicensed software. This does not count the time you, your company and your counsel spend dealing with this unproductive hassle. You will save a lot of money by ensuring that you do not get stung. If your company gets taken to court for copyright infringement, your company can be held liable for up to $150,000 for willful infringement of each registered copyright, plus the attorneys’ fees and costs of the plaintiff, which can be even more substantial. Your company would also be stuck with paying for its own legal counsel, and the lost hours of employees and managers as they are called to participate in the litigation.

What to Do on Your Own. A preliminary step can be done by your own company: do a quick inventory of the software on a few computers. Select those computers that have been around the longest. Do not trust the employee using the computer to report the software – have someone else catalog all the software on each computer. Many programs are licensed for free, like Adobe Reader or Dropbox, and can be quite useful for many tasks. Others, like Adobe Photoshop or the Microsoft Office Suite can cost hundreds of dollars a copy, and are the type of software that the BSA is on the lookout for. Other common programs that are unlicensed are Symantec Antivirus programs and Microsoft Server. Match a license for each program installed. If you find an unlicensed copy or two, delete it and, if the program is needed, buy a new, licensed copy. If there is are a lot of unlicensed copies, stop and contact legal counsel for the next step.

(Incidentally, the software inventory can also turn up some other issues, such as BitTorrent clients like uTorrent, Deluge, or Vuze. Unless there is a legitimate purpose for using such software, such as distributing very large files within your business, an employee is probably using the bit torrent client to illegally copy and distribute music and movies. Since your company’s internet protocol (“IP”) address appears as the downloader, it will probably subject your company to liability. That is a nightmare you want to avoid.)

What to Do If The BSA Contacts You. If the BSA contacts you, or your preliminary inventory discovers a lot of unlicensed software, do not wait and hope that your company or your local computer guy can handle the problem. IT professionals do not have the legal background to understand the details of software licenses, which are written by legal professionals to bore and obfuscate. More importantly, your employees, or an IT professional that you employ to investigate, can be called as a witness against you if your company is sued for copyright infringement. The last thing you want is to give unfettered access to your computers to someone who can then be subpoenaed to reveal everything on your computers. If an IT professional is necessary, let your counsel do the hiring. Then the professional’s work is protected by the attorney work product doctrine or the attorney-client privilege. These concepts give attorneys and their clients private space to determine what to do, without the threat of those facts and discussions being revealed.

What Bay Oak Law Can Do for You. The sooner we are called in, the sooner we can cloak the investigation under the attorney work product doctrine and attorney-client privilege. We can manage the process to protect your data that might be demanded in a later lawsuit; if that information is destroyed, the modern trend in e-discovery is to sanction the party doing the destruction. Our lawyers have represented companies in many copyright infringement cases over the years. We can perform or supervise the license reviews. If necessary, we can assist in directing you to places where your company can buy properly licensed products. We can also assist in putting together the proper procedures to minimize future problems, including updating your employee handbook on this and other issues, like social media use.

Taking software is not cost-free – it can destroy your business. Paying for your software rewards those who work hard to develop the software, and is really much cheaper in the long run. If you have questions, call us at 510-208-5500, or contact andy@bayoaklaw.com.

You have received a notice from your Internet Service Provider, or “ISP,” indicating that you have been sued as a “Doe” in a bit torrent file sharing lawsuit. What now? Now you need to make some choices about how you want to handle this. But first, some information.

What does this even mean? This means that your Internet Protocol, or “IP” address (not necessarily your computer, but a computer using your internet connection) has been identified as part of a “swarm,” or a group of computers involved in sharing a certain file using a bit torrent client like Vuze, or LimeWire. You have been sued because the file in question was copyrighted material, and the company who owns the copyright is suing you for copyright infringement. Sharing or downloading copyrighted works violates the law. Deleting the file will not make this go away. Buying the copyrighted work after the fact will also not make this go away.

If you have no idea why you have been implicated, someone in your household (using your internet) may be the culprit. If your spouse/child/roommate is responsible, talk to them about how your household wants to handle this.

Your ISP should have sent you a letter explaining that your name and personal information have not yet been divulged. Right now, you are only identified by your IP address. The letter should include two dates: one is the deadline to file any legal action contesting the subpoena, and one is the date on which your ISP will provide the Plaintiff (the company that is suing you) with your name, address, and other information as directed by the Court.

Option 1 / So what if I just ignore this?

Recently, many people sued in this type of case have been fighting back, which means ISPs sometimes do not release information until after the date on your letter, and some cases are dismissed entirely. Some judges have dismissed all Doe defendants except one, because of issues with the way Plaintiffs group all the defendants together. This is great for the defendants who were dismissed, but very bad for the remaining defendant. You could take your chances hoping that you or your case might be dismissed, and you might be lucky. However:

If your name and address are released, you might be named in the lawsuit. This means you will no longer appear as “Doe ###,” instead your name will be listed as a Defendant in the case. Consider potential embarrassment and/or damage to your reputation if a Google search for your name returns this lawsuit, and your involvement in it. Has this ever happened? Yes, this is somewhat standard in these cases.

If you do not answer the complaint or file any legal action, the Plaintiff may request a Default Judgment. This is an automatic decision by the Court saying that since you did not defend yourself, the Court has no choice but to decide in favor of the Plaintiff. You will owe this to the Plaintiff, and if you keep ignoring, the Plaintiff could levy your paycheck or your assets.
Has this ever happened? Yes. For example on October 7, 2011 in the Northern District of CA, Judge Alsup granted $20,000 default judgments against two defendants in a file sharing case.

Option 2 / I want to fight this !

Lawsuits that target “swarms” of bit torrent sharers have been contentious in legal and online communities. Lawyers who represent Plaintiffs in these cases have been labeled “copyright trolls” and the lawsuits have been accused of being many things, ranging from collection rackets to extortion. At this time, none of these cases have actually gone to trial, and some people doubt that any will.

Some defendants have fought back with either (1) a Motion to Quash, which asks the Court to invalidate the subpoena for their information, or (2) a Motion to Dismiss, which asks the Court to dismiss them from the lawsuit. These motions are often successful.

You can try to write and file one of these motions without a lawyer. However, hiring a lawyer gives you several advantages. When you are represented by a lawyer, the Plaintiff is no longer allowed to contact you except through your lawyer, which will prevent harassment if the Plaintiff gets your personal information. Communicating through a lawyer means you will not incriminate yourself by inadvertently revealing personal information, or by admitting anything you shouldn’t. While we can’t speak for other lawyers, Bay Oak Law is experienced in civil litigation, and can help you draft and file your opposition. Defending you is our job, and we are good at it.

What are you risking if you fight? Sometimes you can’t fight without revealing your identifying information. Even if your name and personal information are not revealed, if you reveal which IP address you are, or which Doe, the Plaintiff may decide to make an example of you and sue you individually. If this happens, the Plaintiff is far less likely to settle for a small amount, and you may end up with a larger judgment against you. Remember that sharing or downloading copyrighted files without the permission of the copyright holder violates the law, and you might end up paying for it in court.

Option 3 / Just make this go away !

Many people do not want to risk having their identity revealed, or do not want the risk, time commitment, or attorney’s fees associated with a legal battle. In this case, you can settle with the Plaintiff, often for a few thousand dollars.

We recommend you do this through an attorney, who can protect your personal information and your rights. Also, when you are represented by an attorney, the Plaintiff can no longer contact you except through that attorney. This means no harassing phone calls or letters. An experienced attorney can often get a better deal on settlement because of prior and future relationships with Plaintiff’s attorneys, can make sure negotiations stay anonymous and do not incriminate you in any way, and can make sure the settlement agreement legitimately settles your case and protects your interests. Bay Oak Law is experienced in negotiating this type of settlement.

I am sure no one in my household was involved in this.

You need to show real evidence that you would not or could not have been involved in downloading or sharing the file. Our firm had a good result for a client who could prove that the client did not have the IP address at the time the alleged downloading occurred. However, that is not the norm. If someone accessed your wireless router, you may not be legally liable, but you would have to have real evidence to back up your assertion. It should not be a shock to know that many people claim that someone else did it; the needed difference has to be evidence to prove it. A 93-year-old great-grandmother with a wireless router that is not password-protected is going to get more people to believe that she didn’t download something than a college student with a password-protected router. We have an article on our website about the importance of securing your routers.

When I was a kid, on days when we couldn’t play outside, my friend Mike and I would play Pong on our TV sets. Growing up in the Los Angeles area, many of our friends wanted to be in Hollywood. Now, the video game industry has earned more than Hollywood movies for years.

The San Diego Union Tribune has a great story on the opportunities and risks of the mobile app community. Appy Entertainment (motto: “deadly serious about stupid fun”) is based in Carlsbad, CA, and one of its founders is Chris Ulm, a friend of mine from Sutter Junior High School. One of Chris’ Appy co-founders said that

“One of the reasons we did this start-up is we saw this as the opportunity of the century . . . . The way mobile has grown since the iPhone was launched, it’s historic. But also, we want to create new things. And the video game business became so risk adverse because the budgets were so high.”

Mobile gaming apps, an industry that didn’t really exist four years ago, has now moved on to its second incarnation, in which the products are free, but in-game purchases for the apps cost money. This creates its own set of problems, especially when it is just an Apple App Store account that is charged: never mind kids ordering things without their parents’ approval, certain middle-aged attorneys have had problems mistakenly ordering more puzzles while helping his son on a kids’ app. Not only does the game now have to be entertaining, it has to have in-game items worth buying. But for addictive games, the revenue stream can continue long after the last game is downloaded. Legal headaches await, though, for in-game purchases that are not clearly marked as to price or purchasability. Already one child paid $1400 for “Smurfberries” (a Smurfs app “currency”), and an attorney in Philadelphia has filed a class action suit because his daughter racked up $200 in in-game purchases.

The rapid evolution of the mobile gaming industry echos the Internet boom of the late 1990s, when websites raced to fill the empty niches of the Internet. Good ideas like Google and Amazon flourished, while pets.com and webvan.com couldn’t deliver the goods efficiently to customers. Eventually in mobile gaming a few mega-winners will arise, while smaller successes will fill the niches in between.

Plenty of legal questions will arise. I can’t sell an all-new Gucci handbag from my office – but can I sell its doppelgänger in my lifestyle game, if I don’t use the Gucci name on it? If I (legally) reverse engineer the code to someone else’s game, can I sell in-game items for that game? If I have a valuable in-game item like a special sword, can I sell it? Should the video game company get a share of the proceeds? And what is going to happen when someone counterfeits “smurfberries” or other currency in the game? Intellectual property attorneys look forward to making a living off such momentous questions.

When the Internet burst into popularity in the mid-1990s, the rush to get popular names resembled the Oklahoma land run of 1889 – but for far more fertile cyberspace locations. Cybersquatting became rampant, as parasites tried to trade on the reputations established by others.

Cybersquatting on the Internet is far less of a problem now, but now businesses and individuals face a new problem – Twittersquatting. Two years ago, Former Oakland A’s manager (and current St. Louis skipper) Tony La Russa sued Twitter over a parody Twitter account purportedly by him. The account was quickly shut down and the dispute settled, but apparently precedent has been set. Twitter squatting has been born and is set to fly.

During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, an inspired Twitter squatter sent out tweets purportedly from BP’s public relations department. In June 2011, a secondary life insurance company called Coventry First has sued to find the identities of whoever started the @coventryfirst Twitter account, which pretends to note Coventry First’s distress when there are no plane crashes that “increase shareholder value.”

While the above examples have been mostly humorous, twits using your business’s name could destroy your company’s reputation before you even know about it. Twitter does have an anti-squatting policy, but every business should participate in the Twitter land rush by claiming its own name. Besides being a potential marketing device, claiming your business’s name prevents it from being claimed by someone else. It’s free and took me less than 30 seconds to do.

When someone subpoenas subscriber information from an internet service provider, does the subscriber have an expectation of privacy? In California, at least, the answer seems to be: No.
In People v. Stirpo, (Second District Court of Appeal, May 16, 2011), the defendant challenged the search warrant to the internet service provider (“ISP”) that sought information based upon the internet protocol (“IP”) address connected with the hacking of a school district computer system. The ISP provided the subscriber information related to the IP address. Upon executing the search warrant, the police found a diagram that mapped the school district computer system intrusion.
Defendant Stirpo’s only real chance at avoiding the rotten fruit of his intrusion was to challenge the search warrant that sought the subscriber information. Defendant Stirpo claimed a right of privacy to his subscriber information. The Court of Appeal was not persuaded: “as stated by the Tenth Circuit in U.S. v. Perrine (10th Cir. 2008) 518 F.3d 1196, 1204, “Every federal court to address this issue has held that subscriber information provided to an internet provider is not protected by the Fourth Amendment’s privacy expectation.” The Stirpo court went on to quote another Federal case, US v. Forrester, 512 F.3d 500 (9th Cir. 2008): “[E]-mail and Internet users have no expectation of privacy in the to/from addresses of their messages or the IP addresses of the websites they visit because they should know that this information is provided to and used by Internet service providers for the specific purpose of directing the routing of information. Like telephone numbers, which provide instructions to the ’switching equipment that processed those numbers,’ e-mail to/from addresses and IP addresses are not merely passively conveyed through third party equipment, but rather are voluntarily turned over in order to direct the third party’s servers.”

The moral of the story, of course, is that your internet secrets are not secrets — even when hacking in to the school district computer. Even if you co-found Microsoft.